Energy SBA Gap Analysis Report<br/>CEOS Systems Engineering Office (SEO) September 10, 2008 The following document summarizes a brief analysis of the Energy SBA by the CEOS Systems Engineering Office. Data from the recently updated EO Handbook (2008 draft) and the SEO Systems Engineering Database was used for the assessment. Both of these data resources are rather new and require CEOS validation to eliminate errors and improve accuracy. For this reason, many of the findings in this report should be considered &quot;qualitative&quot; in nature and lead to further more detailed analyses to reach any significant &quot;quantitative&quot; conclusions or recommendations. Energy SBA Decisions The following table describes the key Energy SBA decisions and the types of information products and services, model types, and measurements required to support those decisions. This set of data was used a guide to evaluate the impact of potential measurement gaps. The SEO plans to use this organizational construct (shown on far right) to perform gap analyses and assessments for each of the CEOS constellations and SBA areas.<br/>Information Product and Services<br/>(Types)<br/>Landscape topography Atmospheric / Ocean Surface Winds Cloud particle properties and profile Liquid water and precipitation rate Radiation budget Aerosols Trace gases<br/><br/>Decisions<br/><br/>Models<br/>(Types)<br/><br/>Measurements<br/>(Types)<br/><br/>Exploration of traditional and renewable energy resources (i.e., solar, wind, geothermal, ocean)<br/><br/>Reports<br/><br/>Solar Energy W ind Energy Geothermal Energy Ocean Energy Energy Usage<br/><br/>Environmental impacts of energy resource exploration, extraction, and exploitation (i.e., Reports air quality, water quality, land resources, Forecasts ecosystem health)<br/><br/>Climate Aerosol Transport Atmos Chemistry Energy Usage<br/><br/>Aerosols Trace Gases<br/><br/>Energy production impact on global climate change (i.e., greenhouse gases)<br/><br/>Reports Forecasts<br/><br/>Climate Atmos Chemistry Energy Usage<br/><br/>Radiation budget Atmospheric temperature/humidity Cloud particle properties and profile Cloud type, amount, and cloud top temp Aerosols Trace gases Radiation budget Atmospheric temperature/humidity Cloud particle properties and profile Cloud type, amount, and cloud top temp Aerosols Trace gases Atmospheric temperature/humidity Cloud particle properties and profile Cloud type, amount, and cloud top temp Land surface temperature Soil moisture Snow cover, edge, and depth Space Weather<br/><br/>Long-term climate impact on energy resource supply and demand<br/><br/>Reports Forecasts<br/><br/>Climate Energy Usage<br/><br/>Short- to medium-term weather impact on energy resource supply and demand<br/><br/>Reports Forecasts<br/><br/>W eather Energy Usage<br/><br/>Space Weather impacts on energy transmission systems<br/><br/>Reports Forecasts<br/><br/>Space Weather Energy Usage<br/><br/><br/>Energy SBA Measurements The following table (column-1) shows the list of 93 required Energy SBA measurements from the 300 total space-based CEOS measurements in the EO Handbook and SEO databases. These measurements can be classified by domain (column-2): Atmosphere (50), Land (27), Ocean (16). There are 40 common measurements between the CEOS Atmospheric Composition Constellation (ACC) and the Energy SBA (column-3). Therefore, ACC covers 43% of the 93 Energy SBA's measurements. Column-4 describes these 53 non-ACC measurements. It is noted that 8 of those measurements are not currently linked to ACC, but should be considered part of that constellation in the SEO database.<br/>Total Energy SBA Measurements<br/>Aerosol profile  HT Aerosol profile  LT Air pressure over land surface Air pressure over sea surface Air specific humidity (at surface) Air temperature (at surface) Atmospheric temp profile  HT Atmospheric temp profile  LT Atmospheric Temperature profile (allweather) Chemically active species: CO Total Column Chemically active species: NO Total Column Chemically active species: NO2 Trop Column Chemically active species: PAN profile Chemically active species: SO2 Total Column Cloud base height Cloud cover Cloud drop effective radius (top of cloud) Cloud ice (profile) Cloud imagery Cloud top height Cloud top temperature Cloud type Cloud water profile (&lt;100um)  LT Downwelling longwave radiation at Earth's surface Downwelling solar radiation at TOA Downwelling SW radiation at Earth's surface Fire area Fire temperature (terrestrial climate) Greenhouse gas: CFC11 profile  LT Greenhouse gas: CFC12 Total Column Greenhouse gas: CH4  Total column Greenhouse gas: CO2  total column Greenhouse Gas: HCFC22 Total Column Greenhouse Gas: N2O HT profile Greenhouse Gas: N2O LS profile Greenhouse Gas: N2O total column Height of the top of the PBL Height of the tropopause Land cover type Land surface imagery Land surface temp Land surface temperature (allweather) Land surface topography Leaf area index (LAI) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) ocean color ocean currents Ocean dynamic topography Ocean salinity  subsurface Ocean salinity  total column Ocean surface salinity Outgoing longwave radiation at TOA Outoging shortwave radiation at TOA Ozone profile  LT Ozone total column Precipitation index (daily cumulative) Precipitation Profile (liquid and solid) Precipitation rate (liquid) at the surface  over ocean Precipitation rate (solid) at the surface  over ocean Pressure Profile Sea surface temperature Seaice concentration Seaice cover Seaice cover (allweather) Seaice surface temperature Seaice thickness Seaice Type seaIcesheet topography Sea Level Significant wave height Snow cover (allweather) Snow cover (ocean) Snow water equivalent Soil moisture Soil Salinity Soil type Solid Earth  deformation Solid Earth  Geoid's undulation Solid Earth  gravity Solid Earth Magnetic Field Specific humidity profile   LT Specific humidity profile  HT Specific humidity profile  Total column Specific Humidity profile  Troposphere column total solar irradiance (TSI) Vegetation type Wave directional energy frequency spectrum Wind profile (horizontal)  HT Wind profile (horizontal)  LT Wind speed over land  surface (horizontal) Wind speed over sea surface (horizontal) Wind vector over sea surface (horizontal) wind vector over surface<br/><br/>Domain<br/>Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Land Land Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Land Land Land Land Land Land Land Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Land Land Atmosphere Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Land Land Land Land Land Land Land Land Land Land Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Atmosphere Land Land Atmosphere Atmosphere Land Land Land Land<br/><br/>CEOS Atmospheric Composition  Constellation (ACC) Measurements<br/>Aerosol profile  HT Aerosol profile  LT Air pressure over land surface Air pressure over sea surface Air specific humidity (at surface) Air temperature (at surface) Atmospheric temp profile  HT Atmospheric temp profile  LT Atmospheric Temperature profile (allweather) Chemically active species: CO Total Column Chemically active species: NO Total Column Chemically active species: NO2 Trop Column Chemically active species: PAN profile Chemically active species: SO2 Total Column Cloud base height Cloud cover Cloud drop effective radius (top of cloud) Cloud ice (profile) Cloud imagery Cloud top height Cloud top temperature Cloud type Cloud water profile (&lt;100um)  LT<br/><br/>Other Measurements<br/><br/>Should be part of ACC (radiation) Should be part of ACC (radiation) Should be part of ACC (radiation) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Greenhouse gas: CFC11 profile  LT Greenhouse gas: CFC12 Total Column Greenhouse gas: CH4  Total column Greenhouse gas: CO2  total column Greenhouse Gas: HCFC22 Total Column Greenhouse Gas: N2O HT profile Should be part of ACC (SCHIAMACHY) Should be part of ACC (SCHIAMACHY) Height of the top of the PBL Height of the tropopause Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by OCR (Ocean Color Radiometry) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Should be part of ACC (radiation) Should be part of ACC (radiation) Ozone profile  LT Ozone total column Measured by PC (Precipitation) Measured by PC (Precipitation) Measured by PC (Precipitation) Measured by PC (Precipitation) Pressure Profile Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) NO CONSTELLATIONS NO CONSTELLATIONS NO CONSTELLATIONS NO CONSTELLATIONS Specific humidity profile   LT Specific humidity profile  HT Specific humidity profile  Total column Specific Humidity profile  Troposphere column Should be part of ACC (radiation) Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by OST (Ocean Surf Topography) Wind profile (horizontal)  HT Wind profile (horizontal)  LT Measured by LSI (Land Surface Imaging) Measured by OSVW (Ocean Surf Vector Winds) Measured by OSVW (Ocean Surf Vector Winds) Measured by OSVW (Ocean Surf Vector Winds)<br/><br/><br/>The Energy SBA requires measurements from all 6 CEOS constellations (see table below). These include ACC (48), LSI (17), OST (16), PC (4), OSVW (3), OCR (1). There are 4 solid Earth measurements that are not part of a current CEOS constellation.<br/>Constellation Atmospheric Composition (ACC) Land Surface Imaging (LSI) Ocean Surface Topography (OST) Precipitation (PC) Ocean Color Radiometry (OCR) Ocean Surface Vector Winds (OSVW) TOTALS in CEOS Database Missions 182 213 167 114 105 64 344 Instruments 189 205 132 51 74 37 651 Measurements 164 35 12 8 9 3 300 Energy SBA Measurements 48 17 16 4 1 3 89<br/><br/>NOTE: The gap assessment section of this report includes comments about discrepancies between the EO Handbook and the SEO database, as well as missing or inaccurate data in both databases. In the coming year, it is the intention that the accuracy of the databases will be greatly improved by review and validation of the mission, instrument and measurement data.<br/><br/><br/>CEOS Mission Count vs. Energy SBA Measurement Requirements<br/>2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Measurement / Year Aerosol profile HT Aerosol profile LT Air pressure over sea surface Atmospheric temp profile HT Atmospheric temp profile LT Atmospheric Temperature profile (allweather) Chemically active species: CO Total Column Chemically active species: NO Total Column Chemically active species: NO2 Trop Column Chemically active species: SO2 Total Column Cloud base height Cloud cover Cloud drop effective radius (top of cloud) Cloud ice (profile) Cloud imagery Cloud top height Cloud top temperature Cloud type Cloud water profile (&lt;100um) LT Downwelling longwave radiation at Earth's surface Downwelling solar radiation at TOA Downwelling SW radiation at Earth's surface Fire area Fire temperature (terrestrial climate) Greenhouse gas: CH4 Total column Greenhouse gas: CO2 total column Greenhouse Gas: N2O HT profile Greenhouse Gas: N2O LS profile Greenhouse Gas: N2O total column Height of the top of the PBL Height of the tropopause Land cover type Land surface imagery Land surface temp Land surface topography Leaf area index (LAI) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) ocean color ocean currents Ocean dynamic topography Ocean surface salinity Outgoing longwave radiation at TOA Outoging shortwave radiation at TOA Ozone profile LT Ozone total column Precipitation index (daily cumulative) Precipitation Profile (liquid and solid) Precipitation rate (liquid) at the surface over ocean Precipitation rate (solid) at the surface over ocean Pressure Profile Sea ice concentration Sea level Sea surface temperature Seaice cover Seaice cover (all-weather) Seaice surface temperature Seaice thickness Seaice Type Seaice sheet topography Significant wave height Snow cover (all-weather) Snow cover (ocean) Snow water equivalent Soil moisture Soil type Solid Earth deformation Solid Earth Geoid's undulation Solid Earth gravity Solid Earth Magnetic Field Specific humidity profile LT Specific humidity profile HT Specific humidity profile Total column Specific Humidity profile Troposphere column Total solar irradiance (TSI) Vegetation type W ave directional energy frequency spectrum W ind profile (horizontal) HT W ind profile (horizontal) LT W ind speed over land surface (horizontal) W ind speed over sea surface (horizontal) W ind vector over sea surface (horizontal) W ind vector over surface 2030<br/><br/>11 2 1 17 18 6 2 2 0 2 10 27 2 2 22 26 19 30 13 8 8 4 27 8 8 5 3 2 2 2 6 19 39 31 20 7 18 5 2 9 0 25 8 6 20 2 0 32 1 1 0 5 32 26 3 2 17 7 4 8 3 27 8 16 2 4 4 8 23 31 25 4 26 7 29 1 14 9 0 13 8 0<br/><br/>15 2 1 20 21 9 2 2 0 2 10 29 2 2 23 29 22 36 15 10 10 6 27 8 8 6 3 2 2 2 9 22 51 34 20 7 17 8 3 10 0 27 10 10 21 2 0 35 1 1 0 6 32 28 4 2 19 7 3 9 4 28 8 20 3 4 6 10 21 33 26 4 28 8 38 1 14 9 0 16 10 0<br/><br/>19 3 1 25 25 9 2 1 0 2 11 36 2 2 27 33 25 37 17 10 11 6 28 7 10 8 2 2 2 2 9 21 55 36 20 6 18 8 3 10 0 32 10 9 25 3 2 40 2 1 0 8 35 33 4 2 24 7 4 9 4 33 9 23 3 3 7 10 22 38 29 4 33 12 36 1 16 10 0 17 10 1<br/><br/>17 2 1 25 26 10 1 1 0 1 9 34 0 1 25 30 23 33 12 9 10 5 26 7 8 8 1 2 1 0 9 19 53 35 15 5 18 8 3 7 1 30 9 8 23 3 2 38 3 3 1 6 33 32 3 4 20 7 3 4 3 31 7 24 4 4 4 6 20 35 26 4 33 10 30 1 15 9 0 17 9 2<br/><br/>20 3 2 24 25 9 3 1 0 2 8 33 0 1 25 29 22 32 14 10 10 4 27 6 9 7 1 3 1 0 8 20 53 35 17 5 17 7 3 8 1 30 10 8 23 3 2 37 3 3 1 6 34 31 3 3 22 8 4 7 3 28 6 24 4 3 5 5 19 35 25 4 32 9 30 4 15 9 0 17 9 2<br/><br/>19 4 1 20 21 8 2 0 0 1 8 27 0 1 22 26 18 28 13 9 9 4 23 4 8 7 1 2 1 0 7 21 54 28 16 5 18 6 2 6 1 26 10 6 19 4 2 31 4 3 1 4 28 32 3 3 22 7 5 6 3 28 5 24 6 3 4 3 14 30 20 4 28 7 33 4 13 8 0 15 7 3<br/><br/>16 4 1 18 19 4 3 0 1 1 8 25 0 0 22 23 16 24 10 8 9 4 22 4 7 7 1 2 1 0 4 23 50 26 15 4 14 6 3 8 1 21 11 4 16 5 2 26 5 3 1 4 27 28 4 4 17 9 5 9 4 26 5 23 8 2 3 3 12 30 17 2 25 6 33 4 12 8 0 13 7 3<br/><br/>12 4 1 16 16 5 3 0 1 1 7 24 0 0 19 22 16 22 8 8 9 5 20 4 5 5 0 1 0 0 5 18 42 24 10 3 14 6 1 7 1 19 11 4 17 5 2 26 6 2 1 1 26 25 3 2 14 7 4 8 3 24 4 21 8 0 1 3 10 29 15 2 20 6 26 4 11 7 0 11 5 3<br/><br/>10 4 2 14 14 4 4 0 1 2 6 23 0 0 17 22 13 23 7 10 10 6 17 3 4 3 0 2 0 1 6 18 41 21 12 3 15 5 1 7 1 16 10 4 16 6 1 22 5 4 1 1 25 22 3 2 13 8 5 9 3 21 3 18 8 0 1 3 6 26 12 1 17 5 27 4 10 6 0 10 4 5<br/><br/>6 3 2 14 14 4 3 0 1 2 4 18 0 0 14 18 11 20 5 8 6 4 14 2 3 2 0 2 0 1 6 12 34 19 11 3 15 5 2 7 0 13 8 5 14 5 1 20 5 3 0 2 23 19 2 2 11 7 4 8 2 20 3 16 7 0 0 4 5 23 10 0 17 4 22 3 11 7 0 8 4 5<br/><br/>3 2 1 9 9 2 1 0 0 1 4 14 0 0 11 15 7 16 2 8 6 5 7 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 5 7 20 12 7 2 11 2 2 5 0 10 7 3 11 6 0 16 5 4 0 1 17 13 1 2 8 6 3 6 1 14 3 12 5 0 0 3 2 17 6 0 11 3 15 2 9 6 0 5 3 4<br/><br/>5 2 1 11 11 2 1 0 0 1 6 15 0 0 12 16 6 17 2 8 6 5 10 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 5 8 21 13 7 4 13 2 2 4 0 11 8 3 10 5 0 16 6 6 0 1 17 13 1 4 8 9 2 7 1 14 3 13 8 0 0 3 3 17 8 0 12 4 16 3 7 5 0 5 5 4<br/><br/>5 2 1 10 9 1 1 0 0 1 6 15 0 0 13 15 5 16 2 8 6 5 10 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 4 10 23 12 6 5 14 1 1 4 0 11 9 2 9 5 0 13 6 6 0 1 17 10 1 5 6 9 2 6 1 13 2 11 8 0 0 3 3 14 7 0 10 5 15 2 6 5 0 4 5 6<br/><br/>6 2 1 11 10 1 1 0 0 1 7 15 0 0 13 15 4 16 2 7 6 5 9 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 4 9 20 12 5 6 14 1 1 4 0 11 9 2 8 6 0 13 7 7 0 1 18 11 1 6 5 9 2 5 1 14 2 12 8 0 0 3 3 14 7 0 11 6 14 1 6 5 0 5 6 6<br/><br/>33 00 00 77 66 00 00 00 00 00 55 10 7 00 00 97 11 7 20 11 7 00 53 43 43 66 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 22 76 13 11 85 21 55 10 8 10 00 11 00 86 75 00 52 43 00 10 7 65 55 00 00 12 8 64 00 55 21 66 00 32 00 86 00 87 66 00 00 22 22 84 54 00 75 43 10 8 11 41 31 00 22 55 44<br/><br/>2 0 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 3 3 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 9 3 1 3 7 0 0 1 0 6 3 0 3 4 0 7 4 5 0 0 7 4 0 3 1 4 0 2 0 4 0 5 4 0 0 2 1 3 3 0 3 3 7 1 1 1 0 2 3 3<br/><br/>2 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 4 4 0 4 0 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 7 2 1 2 5 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 2 3 0 5 3 4 0 0 5 4 0 2 1 3 0 1 0 3 0 4 3 0 0 2 0 3 2 0 3 2 5 1 1 1 0 2 2 3<br/><br/>2 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 5 5 0 5 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 5 2 1 2 6 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 3 4 0 6 3 5 0 0 6 4 0 2 1 3 0 1 0 3 0 4 3 0 0 2 0 3 2 0 3 2 6 1 1 1 0 2 2 1<br/><br/>1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 3 4 0 4 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 2 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 3 2 0 3 1 3 0 0 4 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0<br/><br/>1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 3 4 0 4 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 2 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 3 2 0 3 1 3 0 0 4 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0<br/><br/>0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br/><br/>0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br/><br/>0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br/><br/><br/>Energy SBA Gap Assessment What are potential critical measurement gaps for the Energy SBA? Potential near-term gaps are defined as measurements with an average of &lt; 2 missions per year over the next 10 years. These potential gaps include: · · · · · · · · Air Pressure over Sea Surface Chemically active species and Greenhouse Gases (NO,NO2,SO2,N2O) Clouds (drop effective radius, ice profile) Height of the Top of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) Ocean surface salinity Precipitation profiles (liquid and solid) Sea ice concentration Wind speed over land<br/><br/>How do potential gaps impact critical decision topics, informational products, and models? The potential critical measurements gaps listed above are all directly related to modeling global climate change (global warming). The inability to effectively model climate change will increase the uncertainty of several energy parameters that directly contribute to Energy SBA decisions. These decision topics include exploration and availability of new energy resources (solar and geothermal), energy resource supply and demand, and the impact of energy exploration, production and exploitation on climate. What missions are currently addressing the gap areas and how might CEOS improve the situation? Air Pressure over Sea Surface: Measured by Metop mission series (EUMETSAT with AMSUA and HIRS/4 instruments). Data from HIRS/4 was used in conjunction with data from the AMSU instruments to calculate the atmosphere's vertical temperature profile and pressure from the Earth's surface to about 40 km altitude. The Metop series is the only mission in the database making this measurement. Air pressure over the sea-surface is critical to understanding air-sea carbon fluxes and weather forecasting. According to the SEO database, air pressure over the sea surface is measured by the Metop series of missions. This is not included as a measurable parameter in the EO Handbook.<br/><br/><br/>Chemical species and Greenhouse Gases (NO,NO2,SO2,N2O): NO Total Column ­ It does not appear that NO total column is measured from space. This gap increases uncertainty in climate modeling and the ability to accurately predict the impact of energy use on the climate. NO is the principal emitted NOx gas from high temperature combustion in air and is involved in the reactions that cause the destruction of ozone. According to the EO handbook, ERS-2 (ESA with GOME instrument) and Odin (CNES with OSIRIS and SMR instruments) do not measure NO total column. This correction will be made to the SEO database. NO2 Tropospheric Column ­ The SEO database only includes GEOCAPE (NASA, TBD instrument on future DS mission) for the direct measurement of NO2 Tropospheric Column. The gap within the next 10 years is not likely significant, but there is a question about long-term measurement of NO2. NO2 air pollution is largely created by energy production. According to the EO Handbook database, NO2 TOTAL COLUMN is measured by ERS-2 (ESA with GOME instrument) and Envisat (ESA with SCIAMACHY). NO2 in the STRATOSPHERE is measured by Odin (CNES with OSIRIS instrument). According to an online search, NO2 total column is also measured by Aura (NASA with OMI instrument) which is not in the EO Handbook, but is present in the SEO databases. The current databases include the measurement of NO2 profiles (LS,LT,HT) by Aura (NASA mission with the TES instrument). Further online searches suggest that a tropospheric NO2 product is derived from OMI, GOME and SCIAMACHY data by the ESA Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (TEMIS). The EO Handbook only includes 2 of the 15 NASA-led Decadal Survey missions. These are ICESAT-2 and SMAP. The SEO database currently includes all of those missions. The SEO will work with NASA to consider the inclusion of these missions in future EO Handbook updates. SO2 Total Column ­ Measured by Aura (NASA with OMI instrument) and Metop (EUMETSAT with GOME instrument). The gap within the next 10 years is not likely significant, but there is a question about long-term measurement of SO2 with only Metop (EUMETSAT with GOME instrument) as the primary source of space-based data. SO2 is a product of natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities, such as energy (fossil fuel) use. 50% of annual global SO2 emissions are from coal burning and another 30% are from oil burning. Its reaction with water contributes to acid rain. SO2 impacts atmospheric chemistry, radiation and climate. According to the EO Handbook, SO2 total column is not directly measured by Aura (OMI instrument) or Metop (GOME instrument). An online search found that an SO2 column product is derived from OMI, GOME and SCIAMACHY data by the ESA Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (TEMIS). The EO Handbook and the SEO database should consider adding Envisat (ESA with SCIAMACHY) for SO2 total column, since this mission directly contributes to the SO2 total column product.<br/><br/><br/>N2O Profile and Column ­ Measured by Aura (NASA with TES and MLS instruments for N2O profiles), Envisat (ESA with SCIAMACHY for Total Column), Metop (EUMETSAT with IASI instrument for Total Column), and Odin (CNES with SMR instrument in lower stratosphere). There is a potential gap in ~7 years. Extension of the Metop series, and the NASA A-train series (Aura) would maintain these critical NO2 profile and column measurements for climate. The SEO database includes the NASA ADEOS-II mission, which is no longer in operation (since Oct 2003). This correction will be made to the SEO database. Clouds (drop effective radius, ice profile): Measured by Aqua and Terra (NASA with MODIS instrument for drop effective radius), Calipso (NASA with CALIOP instrument for cloud profile data) and Cloudsat (NASA with CPR instrument for ice profile). All of these missions are currently in orbit and there is nothing planned. Long-term measurements of cloud properties are needed for climate modeling. According to the EO Handbook, the Calipso (CALIOP instrument) only measures could top height and not ice profile information. An online search of CALIPSO suggests that profile data is measured for ice and water phase using the CALIOP instrument. Height of the Top of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL): Measured by Calipso (NASA with CALIOP instrument), ICESat-1 and ICESat-2 (NASA with GLAS instrument). The measurement of PBL is basically achieved using profile measurements of &quot;cloud top height&quot;. Calipso and ICESat-1 are currently in orbit. ICESat-2 is planned by NASA for a near-term Decadal Survey mission. Beyond these missions there is nothing planned. Long-term measurements of boundary layer height is essential to understanding clouds for climate modeling. Ocean surface salinity: Measured only by planned SAC-D (NASA with Aquarius instrument). This near-term mission will fly near 2010 and be the only space-based mission for the measurement of ocean salinity. This parameter is critical to understanding sea level rise and global climate change. Precipitation profiles (liquid and solid): There are many missions (DMSP, FY, GOES, etc) that measure precipitation rate, but few that measure profiles of precipitation, according to the EO Handbook and SEO database. The INSAT-3D (ISRO mission with INSAT Sounder instrument) and the Megha Tropiques (ISRO mission with SAPHIR instrument) measure specific humidity profiles, which are not the same as &quot;precipitation profiles&quot;. The EO Handbook only shows NOAA-15,16,17,18 (HIRS-3 instrument) as measuring specific humidity profiles in the lower troposphere but the SEO database includes the INSAT-3D and Megha Tropiques missions, noted above.<br/><br/><br/>Sea ice concentration: Measured only by SAC-D (NASA mission with CONAE Microwave Radiometer instrument). This near-term mission will fly near 2010. This parameter is critical to understanding sea level rise and global climate change. The EO Handbook also shows the Aqua mission (AMSU-A instrument) measuring sea ice cover. Wind speed over land: Not currently measured by any space instrument. It may not be possible to reach the ground with wind measurements from space using active lidar techniques. All current wind missions measure wind in the atmospheric layers above the boundary layer. The potential of wind power requires this measurement, whether by ground or space. Conclusions and Recommendations Understanding global climate change requires a balance of research and operational missions. These missions contribute to reduction in uncertainty of climate models and to the prediction of energy supply and demands for the future. There appear to be reasonable plans for continued operational measurements by the Metop and NOAA series of missions. Conversely, there are fewer research missions planned by CEOS agencies. This may be a concern for the Energy SBA, but it is really the focus of the Climate SBA team. The Energy SBA team should work closely with the Climate SBA team to understand the long term mission plans and advocate for more missions to support Energy objectives. The majority of the measurement gaps noted in this report are atmospheric measurements which are the focus of the CEOS Atmospheric Composition Constellation (ACC). The Energy SBA team has already started a dialogue with the ACC team and should continue this work. Another potential approach to expanding available data for Energy is to work with the CEOS Working Group on Information Systems and Services (WGISS). Data products that combine measurements from multiple missions may support the critical measurement gaps notes above. In addition, further consolidation, validation and verification of the EO Handbook and SEO analysis data will greatly improve our understanding of the critical gaps. As the Energy SBA team moves forward, there will need to be a prioritization of activities that correspond with the Energy decision topics (see table, Energy SBA Decisions). Due to limited supply and the high cost of energy production, it is likely that the exploration of traditional and renewable energy resources will be the highest priority of the Energy SBA. Understanding the potential of solar, wind, geothermal and ocean energy for long term use requires climate models that can accurately reflect the current and future state of the Earth.<br/><br/>This report was developed by the CEOS Systems Engineering Office (SEO) Brian Killough, NASA LaRC Shelley Stover, SSAI Kim Keith, SSAI